Validation of the Novel Basal Metabolic Rate Prediction Equation Among Adult Overweight and Obese Filipino Patients

@#BACKGROUND: Various methods and equations are available to predict the basal metabolic rate (BMR). A published study comparing the Harris-Benedict Equation, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and Indirect Calorimetry (IC), was done among Filipinos, and was able to obtain a novel formula for BMR. The purpose of this study is to validate this novel formula. METHODS: This is a multi-center, cross-sectional, validation study of the novel BMR equation, done among adult overweight and obese Filipinos, who were seen at St. Luke’s Medical Center and Providence Hospital in Quezon City, Outpatient Clinics from August 2019 to March 2020. Purposive sampling was done, and upon giving consent, subjects had undergone interview, anthropometrics measurement, and IC. RESULTS: 174 samples were enrolled. Mean age is 43 years old, majority are females. 27% have no co-morbidities; of those with co-morbidities, half have diabetes mellitus (DM). Mean weight is 74.30 kg; mean BMI is 29.78 kg/m2 . The mean computed BMR is 1174.70 kcal/day, which is 145.83 significantly lower than the BMR derived with calorimetry: 1320.53 kcal/day (P-value 0.000). However, the scatterplot reveals the linearity of positive direction for both values. 31% of the computed BMR fell within the +/-10% estimate of the actual BMR. Stratification of the results between those with DM and without, lowered the difference between the calculated and actual BMR to 46 kcal/day (from 145.83) among the DM subgroup, and increased the estimated accuracy to 38% falling within the +/- 10% estimate of the actual values. CONCLUSION: The novel BMR formula is linearly reflective of the basal metabolism of adult overweight and obese Filipinos, but the numerical values are lower compared to actual calorimetry results, yielding more accuracy when applied among patients with diabetes.

Comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis and air displacement plethysmography / Comparación de análisis de impedancia bioeléctrica y pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire

The measurement of body composition has become an important component in the diagnosis of health, physical conditioning and nutritional status. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of detecting body composition, bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography for athletes and non-athletes. Specifically, we compared the parameters as fat mass, fat free mass and the value of basal metabolic rate. A sample size of 52 men (age 26.2 ± 5.4 years) that included a group of mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters (n = 31, age 27.2 ± 5.5 years) and a group of the non-athletes (n =21, age 24.6 ± 5.1 years). Both groups were measured by bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography. Significant differences in % body fat (p<0.05) and fat-free mass (p<0.05) were noted between bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography of non-athletes, but there were no significant differences for athletes. Furthermore, there was a significant difference (p<0.001) of basal metabolic rate between bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography, but the correlation with fat free mass was very strong for both methods. Therefore, the use of bioelectrical impedance and air displacement plethysmography may be useful for detecting changes in body composition, but their accuracy is controversial and for this reason we recommend using only one method and not combining them.

La medición de la composición corporal se ha convertido en un componente importante en el diagnóstico de la salud, el acondicionamiento físico y el estado nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos métodos para detectar la composición corporal, la impedancia bioeléctrica y la pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire para atletas y no atletas. Específicamente, comparamos los parámetros como masa grasa, masa libre de grasa y el valor de la tasa metabólica basal. Un tamaño de muestra de 52 hombres (edad 26,2 ± 5,4 años) de un grupo de luchadores de artes marciales mixtas (MMA) (n = 31, edad 27,2 ± 5,5 años) y un grupo de no deportistas (n = 21, edad 24,6 ± 5,1 años). Ambos grupos se midieron por impedancia bioeléctrica y pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de grasa corporal (p<0,05) y la masa libre de grasa (p<0,05) entre la impedancia bioeléctrica y la pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire de los no deportistas, sin embargo no hubo diferencias significativas en los atletas. Además, se observó una diferencia significativa (p<0,001) de la tasa metabólica basal entre la impedancia bioeléctrica y la pletismografía de desplazamiento de aire, pero la correlación con la masa libre de grasa fue importante para ambos métodos. Por lo tanto, el uso de la pletismografía de impedancia bioeléctrica y desplazamiento de aire puede ser útil para detectar cambios en la composición corporal, pero su precisión es controvertida por lo que recomendamos usar solo un método y no una combinación de ambos.

Assessment of Influence of Basal Metabolic Rate on Blood Pressure Among Adult Patients: An Institutional Based Study

Background: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represents thelargest component of total energy expenditure and is a majorcontributor to energy balance. Hypertension is an importantglobal health issue and is currently increasing at a rapid pacein most industrializing nations. Hence; under the light of abovementioned data, the present study was planned for assessingthe influence of basal metabolic rate on blood pressure amongadult patients.Materials & Methods: A total of 100 subjects were included inthe present study. Complete demographic details of all thesubjects were obtained. Assessment of smoking status,residence details and past medical history was done.Hemodynamic parameters of all the patients were recorded.Weight and height of all the patients was calculated. BMR wasassessed on the basis of these parameters.Results: Mean age of the patients of the present study was53.4 years. 60 patients in the present study were males whilethe remaining 40 patients were females. Significant correlationwas observed in between BMR and blood pressure.

Basal metabolic rate in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes: comparison between measured and estimated values

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aims of this study are to investigate which of the seven selected predictive equation for estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the best alternative to indirect calorimetry (IC) and to evaluate the dietary energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Subjects and methods: Twenty-one patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this diagnostic test study. Clinical and laboratorial variables were evaluated as well as body composition by absorptiometry dual X-ray emission (DXA) and BMR measured by IC and estimated by prediction equations. Dietary intake was evaluated by a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots, paired t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Results: Patients were 62 (48-70) years old, have had diabetes for 8 (2-36) yeas, and 52.4% were females. The mean body composition comprised a fat-free mass of 49.8 ± 9.4 kg and a fat mass of 28.3 ± 7.2 kg. The energy intake was 2134.3 ± 730.2 kcal/day and the BMR by IC was 1745 ± 315 kcal/day. There was a wide variation in the accuracy of BMR values predicted by equations when compared to IC BMR measurement. Harris-Benedict, Oxford, FAO/WHO/UNO equations produced the smallest differences to IC, with a general bias of < 8%. The FAO/WHO/UNO equation provided the best BMR prediction in comparison to measured BMR. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the equation of the FAO/WHO/UNO was the one closest to the BMR values as measured by IC.

Normative values of some morphometric variables for Kosovo Albanian population aged 06 - >70 years old / Valores normativos de algunas variables morfométricas para la población albanesa de Kosovo de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 70 años

The purpose of this study was to find out normative values of the Body Height, Body Weight, Body Mass Index and Basal Metabolic Rate, as well as to study, observe and to clarify the dynamics of physical growth and changes. Four anthropometric variables were measured in 94825 male Albanian entities from Kosovo aged 06->70 years old, during the period 2007-2016. The same variables were measured in 409 sportsmen from Kosovo. The obtained data were analysed through Descriptive Parameters (arithmetic mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation) and Correlation Analysis. Gained results indicate average to high Body Height of measured male Kosovo Albanians (50.6 % of entities = 1700-1799 mm; 38.2 % = 1800-1899 mm). The smaller entity with body height 1015 mm belongs to age-group of 6 years old, while the higher entity with 2015 mm belongs to the age group of 19 years old. The correlation coefficient between Body Height and Body Weight shows its higher values in two phases of intensive body growth (0.71- 0.76) and in the decrease phase of the body morphometry (0.57-0.65). Kosovo Albanian sportsmen aged 17-25 years with average Body Height=1847.75 mm and Body Weight=75.87 kg belongs to group of higher people with ideal body weight.

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer los valores normales de la altura, el peso, el índice de masa corporal y la tasa metabólica basal, así como estudiar, observar y aclarar la dinámica del crecimiento y los cambios físicos. Se midieron cuatro variables antropométricas en 94825 personas albanesas de Kosovo de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y los 70 años, durante el período 2007-2016. Las mismas variables se midieron en 409 deportistas de Kosovo. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados a través de parámetros descriptivos (media aritmética, máxima, mínima y desviación estándar) y análisis de correlación. Los resultados obtenidos indican una altura promedio de los varones albaneses de Kosovo (50,6 % de los grupos = 1700- 1799 mm, 38,2 % = 1800-1899 mm). El grupo menor con una altura corporal de 1015 mm pertenece al grupo etario de 6 años, mientras que el grupo superior con 2015 mm pertenece al grupo de edad de 19 años. El coeficiente de correlación entre la altura del cuerpo y el peso corporal muestra sus valores más altos en dos fases de crecimiento corporal intensivo (0,71-0,76) y en la fase de disminución de la morfometría corporal (0,57-0,65). Los deportistas albaneses de Kosovo de entre 17 y 25 años con una estatura corporal promedio = 1847,75 mm y un peso corporal = 75,87 kg pertenecen al grupo de personas más altas con un peso corporal ideal.

Determinants and prediction methods of total energy expenditure – efforts at National Institute of Health and Nutrition in Japan – / 体力科学

The National Institute of Health and Nutrition, as a part of the National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition at present, has put emphasis on energy metabolism research since its establishment in 1920. After 2000, the National Institute of Health and Nutrition introduced doubly labeled water method and human calorimeters and has also contributed to the establishment of energy requirements in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. Inter-individual differences in physical activity level are large and difficult to accurately evaluate. Therefore, various studies have been conducted using not only subjective methods such as questionnaire but also objective methods such as accelerometry. Moreover, determinants of total energy expenditure and physical activity have been investigated, including comparison of physical activity level between normal-weight and obese adults. New evidences on contribution of brown adipose tissue activity and diseases on energy metabolism have been obtained. In the near future, research to elucidate the mechanism of energy balance, more accurate and variety of assessment of physical activity, and examination from the viewpoints of chrono-nutrition and chrono-exercise are expected.

Estimation of energy expenditure in people with physical impairments / 体力科学

The scarce evidence on dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for people with physical impairments has made estimation of total energy expenditure (TEE) and nutritional requirements difficult. The first reason for this difficulty is that estimating basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting energy expenditure (REE) is challenging. The second reason is the difficulty of estimating body composition, which is useful for calculating BMR, and the third reason is the difficulty of estimating physical activity level. The reason for all these difficulties is that DRIs applies to all types of physical disabilities. Thus, it turns out to be unenviable for planning nutritional programs and evaluating physical impairments. However, notable references are available on energy requirements not only for the corresponding health maintenance and promotional information for preventing physical impairments caused by lifestyle diseases in middle and old age but also for improving performance of Paralympic athletes. This review article focuses on the estimation of the energy requirements for people with physical impairments and discusses the possibilities and limitations of methods.

Energy balance and its components: implications of intra- and inter-individual variation on energy intake and expenditure / 体力科学

Energy balance in human body undergoes constant change, leading to a change in the weight and body composition throughout life. Energy balance at a particular time point is influenced by the psychological, physiological, sociological, and environmental factors of that moment. In addition, the regulation of homeostasis continuously monitors and maintains the energy balance; however, it complicates the identification of factors influencing the energy balance. For understanding these factors, creating a model with comprehensive factors and testing it among a substantial number of individuals for dynamic changes in the energy balance may be warranted. However, till date, to the best of our knowledge, no studies report on comprehensive modeling, including homeostasis and the other factors. Thus, at this moment, summarizing previous studies for further research is required. Accordingly, this review summarizes 1) the basic factor of energy expenditure and intake; 2) interactive relationship between energy expenditure and intake; and 3) energy expenditure and intake during dynamic changes in the body weight caused by events such as overfeeding, underfeeding, growth and aging, and pregnancy.

Aging-Related Correlation between Serum Sirtuin 1 Activities and Basal Metabolic Rate in Women, but not in Men

Sirtuin (SIRT) is a main regulator of metabolism and lifespan, and its importance has been implicated in the prevention against aging-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify the pattern of serum SIRT1 activity according to age and sex, and to investigate how serum SIRT1 activity is correlated with other metabolic parameters in Korean adults. The Biobank of Jeju National University Hospital, a member of the Korea Biobank Network, provided serum samples from 250 healthy adults. Aging- and metabolism-related factors were analyzed in serum, and the data were compared by the stratification of age and sex. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreased with age and was significantly lower in men in their fifties and older and in women in their forties and older compared with twenties in men and women, respectively. SIRT1 activities were altered by age and sex. Especially, women in their thirties showed the highest SIRT1 activities. Correlation analysis displayed that SIRT1 activity is positively correlated with serum triglyceride (TG) in men, and with waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and serum TG in women. And, SIRT1 activity was negatively correlated with aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio in women (r = −0.183, p = 0.039). Positive correlation was observed between SIRT1 activity and BMR in women (r = 0.222, p = 0.027), but not in men. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility that serum SIRT1 activities may be utilized as a biomarker of aging. In addition, positive correlation between SIRT1 activity and BMR in women suggests that serum SIRT1 activity may reflect energy expenditure well in human.

Increased BMR in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes may result from an increased fat-free mass / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The study aimed to determine the relationships between the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition of overweight and obese Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This cross-sectional clinical study enrolled 193 Chinese adults with type 2 DM who were overweight (24 kg/m(2)=BMI≤28 kg/m(2), n=99), or obese (BMI ≥28 kg/m(2), n=94). Ninety-seven adults with normal BMIs, including 50 DM patients and 47 healthy adults, were recruited as a control group. BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry; predicted BMR was calculated according to the Schofield equation; and the relationships between BMR, body composition, and biochemical results were determined by the Pearson correlation. The results showed that obese DM patients had significantly higher BMRs than both overweight patients (P<0.05) and patients with normal BMI did (P<0.05). The measured BMR was significantly lower than the predicted BMR (P<0.05) in all groups. Obese and overweight DM patients had significantly greater weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, body surface area, body fat percentage, fat mass, and fat-free mass than patients with normal BMI. Except for waist circumference, these body composition measurements were significantly increased in obese DM patients when compared with those in overweight DM patients (P<0.05). Fat-free mass was closely correlated with BMR in both DM patients (r=0.874, P<0.01) and in healthy controls (r=0.902, P<0.01). It was concluded that overweight and obese Chinese adults with type 2 DM had increased BMRs compared with normal-weight controls, which may result from the difference in fat-free mass.

Tooth size and metabolic requirements in primates: the 'equivalence between exponents' under discussion / Tamaño de la dentición y requerimientos metabólicos en primates: la 'equivalencia entre exponentes' bajo discusión

The functional significance of teeth size, specifically postcanine tooth size has contributed a vast amount of scientific literature. Nevertheless, these studies have been based on 'equivalence between exponents'. That is, when the tooth size scales to the 0.75 power of body size exponent is interpreted as reflecting differences in metabolic requirements. On the contrary, if the obtained exponent is close to isometry, such slope is interpreted as that variation in teeth size is an incidental consequence of body size variation. In this paper, we show the results of a study in which the relationship between postcanine tooth occlusal area (PCOA) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been evaluated in 28 primate species. On one hand, the results obtained indicate that there is a high correlation between the BMR and the size of the PCOA, even when phylogenetic control tests are used, and that isometry cannot be discarded in both cases. However, if the effects of body mass are removed, a null slope cannot be discarded. On the other hand, when body mass (BM) is taken as the independent variable and PCOA as the dependent one, the slope obtained evidences a negative allometry, and this holds also when phylogenetic control is used. Given these contradictory results, we suggest that the rule of 'equivalence between exponents' is not a good approach for obtaining inferences on the function of postcanine teeth...

El significado funcional del tamaño de los dientes, y más concretamente del tamaño de la dentición poscanina, ha contribuido al desarrollo de una vasta literatura científica. No obstante, casi todos estos trabajos se han centrado en la 'equivalencia entre exponentes'. Así, cuando el tamaño de los dientes escala siguiendo una pendiente de 0,75 respecto al tamaño corporal se interpreta que las diferencias en tamaño reflejan los cambios en los requerimientos metabólicos. Si, por el contrario, el exponente obtenido es cercano a la isometría, la inferencia que se establece es que el cambio en el tamaño de la dentición es una consecuencia incidental del cambio en el tamaño corporal. En este artículo mostramos los resultados de un estudio en el que se han evaluado las relaciones entre el área de la dentición poscanina (PCOA) y la tasa metabólica basal (BMR) en 28 especies de primates. Los resultados obtenidos indican, en primer lugar, que existe una fuerte correlación entre BMR y PCOA, incluso cuando el efecto de la filogenia es controlado. Sin embargo, cuando se evita el efecto del tamaño no se puede descartar que la pendiente sea igual a cero. En segundo lugar, cuando se realiza una regresión usando el tamaño corporal (BM) como variable independiente y PCOA como dependiente, la pendiente obtenida es alométricamente negativa, lo que se mantiene cuando se controla para la filogenia. Dado que los resultados son contradictorios, sugerimos que la regla de la 'equivalencia entre exponentes' no es una buena aproximación para obtener inferencias sobre la función de la dentición poscanina...

TT Mutant Homozygote of Kruppel-like Factor 5 Is a Key Factor for Increasing Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Metabolic Rate in Korean Elementary School Children

We investigated the contribution of genetic variations of KLF5 to basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the inhibition of obesity in Korean children. A variation of KLF5 (rs3782933) was genotyped in 62 Korean children. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we developed a model to predict BMR in children. We divided them into several groups; normal versus overweight by body mass index (BMI) and low BMR versus high BMR by BMR. There were no differences in the distributions of alleles and genotypes between each group. The genetic variation of KLF5 gene showed a significant correlation with several clinical factors, such as BMR, muscle, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin. Children with the TT had significantly higher BMR than those with CC (p = 0.030). The highest muscle was observed in the children with TT compared with CC (p = 0.032). The insulin and C-peptide values were higher in children with TT than those with CC (p= 0.029 vs. p = 0.004, respectively). In linear regression analysis, BMI and muscle mass were correlated with BMR, whereas insulin and C-peptide were not associated with BMR. In the high-BMR group, we observed that higher muscle, fat mass, and C-peptide affect the increase of BMR in children with TT (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.018, respectively), while Rohrer's index could explain the usual decrease in BMR (adjust r2 = 1.000, p < 0.001, respectively). We identified a novel association between TT of KLF5 rs3782933 and BMR in Korean children. We could make better use of the variation within KLF5 in a future clinical intervention study of obesity.

High basal metabolic rate/fat-free mass ratio in Japanese elite male athletes can be attributed to body composition / 体力科学

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in 29 Japanese elite male athletes (age 25.6±3.7y, height 175.6±7.0cm, body weight 74.7±12.8kg, fat-free mass (FFM) 64.9±9.3kg). The subjects were classified into three groups according to their FFM. There was a significant difference in BMR/FFM between S-group (less than 0.5SD of average FFM) and L-group (more than 0.5SD). The parcentage of RM to body weight in S-group was significantly higher than in L-group. In conclusion, high basal metabolic rate/fat-free mass ratio in Japanese elite male athletes can be attributed to body composition.

Comparison of different methods to estimate BMR in Adoloscent student population.

There is a growing clinical emphasis for the measurement of BMR and energy expenditure in clinical and research investigation such as obesity, exercise, cancer, under-nutrition, trauma and infections. Hence, there is a motivation towards calculating basal metabolic rate using standard equations. The objective of the present work is to identify an appropriate equation in Indian environment for the estimation of calorie needs and basal metabolic rate using the measured height, weight, age and skin fold parameters of an individual. Basal metabolic rates of adolescent male and female population aged between 17-20 years were estimated using equations proposed by FAO, ICMR, Cunningham, Harris Benedict, Fredrix and Miffin. Calorie needs were calculated using factorial approach which involves the multiplication of basal metabolic rate with appropriate physical activity factor. Basal metabolic rates estimated by FAO, Cunningham, Harris- Benedict, Fredrix and Miffin are reduced by 5%. These reduced basal metabolic rates and calorie needs are compared with that obtained by Cunningham’s equation which is considered as accurate equation. Comparison of the basal metabolic rates and calorie needs obtained by Cunningham equation with all equations such as Harris-Benedict, FAO, Fredrix and Miffin after 5% reduction and ICMR equation without reduction indicates that Harris-Benedict, Fredrix, Miffin and FAO equations can be used for male and female adolescent populations for Indian environment. In conclusion, Harris-Benedict equation is an appropriate equation for both male and female adolescent population for Indian environment.

VALIDITY OF PREDICTION EQUATION OF BASAL METABOLIC RATE BASED ON FAT-FREE MASS IN JAPANESE FEMALE ATHLETES / 体力科学

The aim of the present study was to examine the validation of prediction equation of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in Japanese female athletes. The study population consisted of 122 Japanese female athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.3 years, height 162.5 ± 6.3 cm, body weight (BW) 57.4 ± 7.7 kg, and fat-free mass (FFM) 45.5 ± 5.1 kg). Body composition was estimated by using air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD System). BMR was measured by indirect calorimetry using dougras bag tequnique, and predicted BMR was calculated from different equations based on FFM. When compared with measured BMR, predicted BMR from the equation of Taguchi et al. (BMR (kcal/day)= 26.9×FFM (kg)+ 36) and equation of Owen et al. were not significantly different. Whereas, predicted values from equation of Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, National Institute of Health and Nutrition and Cunningham were significantly different from measured value. Estimation error and Total error were smaller in equation of Taguchi et al. and Owen et al., however, equation of Owen et al. had a larger estimation error in the subjects who was small body size (less than 42kg) or large body size(more than 69kg). Furthermore, newer equation of Taguchi et al. (BMR=27.5×FFM+5) was developed from the pool data (n=205) in the present study. Standard error of estimation (SEE) of this equation was smaller than the equation of Taguchi et al., and systematic error was hardly observed.In conclusion, the newer equation of Taguchi et al. developed from measured BMR of Japanese female athletes was useful to predict BMR.

Determinação da taxa metabólica basal em cutias, Dasyprocta azarae, por calorimetria indireta / Determination of the basal metabolic rate in agoutis, Dasyprocta azarae, by indirect calorimetry

A melhor ferramenta para comparação fisiológica entre organismos diferentes é a taxa metabólica basal, inter-relação fundamental que existe entre todos os seres vivos. Mensurações diretas das concentrações de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono, pela análise do ar inspirado e expirado, podem ser usadas para a mensuração de taxa metabólica. Este trabalho foi executado com o propósito de aferir as taxas metabólicas basal e específica, e reexaminar o escalonamento do metabolismo basal em cutias (Dasyprocta azarae). Foram utilizadas 34 cutias (D. azarae) adultas sadias, sendo 9 machos não castrados, 9 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas, pertencentes ao plantel do Criadouro Científico do Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia, Curitiba, PR. Os animais passaram por jejum prévio de 6 horas e foram acondicionados em caixas especiais, com temperatura ambiente controlada (22,0±1,0ºC), sendo então submetidos à aferição da taxa metabólica basal, por calorimetria indireta. Empregou-se o monitor metabólico Deltatrac®II, (Datex Ohmeda, Finlândia) usualmente indicado para a mensuração da produção de dióxido de carbono (VCO2) e do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) em seres humanos, por meio da mensuração das variações na concentração de VCO2 e de VO2, com uma precisão de 0,01 por cento. Após a aferição da taxa metabólica basal, foi calculada a taxa metabólica específica, e efetuada a análise dos dados por estatística indutiva. Os testes de hipóteses para comparação entre amostras indicaram que a taxa metabólica específica de machos não castrados é maior que a de fêmeas e machos castrados (5 por cento de significância), e que a taxa metabólica específica de fêmeas e machos castrados é equivalente (1 por cento de significância). Constatou-se ainda, com a análise da correlação de pontos experimentais, que outra variável que não o tamanho corporal afeta a taxa metabólica dos machos não castrados (1 por cento de significância), o que indica a necessidade de novos estudos sobre...

The best way to compare different organisms is the basal metabolic rate, a fundamental interrelation existent among all living beings. Direct measures of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations by evaluation of inspired and expired air can be used to measure metabolic rate. So, this research was done in order to measure basal and specific metabolic rates in agoutis (Dasyprocta azarae), and reexamine the scaling of basal metabolism in this species. There were used 34 adult healthy agoutis (9 non-castrated males, 9 castrated males, and 16 females), that belong to the wild animal scientific breeding facility of the Natural History Museum of the Curitiba city, State of Paraná, Brazil. After a six-hour fasting the animals were placed in special boxes under controlled temperature (22.0±1.0ºC), and submitted to measuring of the basal metabolic rate, by indirect calorimetry. It was used the Deltatrac®II metabolic monitor, usually indicated to measure carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) in human beings, by measuring variations in the concentration of VCO2 and of VO2, with a precision of 0.01 percent. The specific metabolic rate was calculated after determination of the basal metabolic rate and the obtained data were analyzed by inductive statistics. The hypotheses tests for comparison among samples indicated that the specific metabolic rate is higher in non-castrated males than in females and castrated males (significance of 5 percent), and that the specific metabolic rate of females and castrated males are equivalent (significance of 1 percent). In addition, analysis of the correlation of experimental points indicates that another variable beyond body size affects the metabolic rate of non-castrated males (significance of 1 percent), and therefore new studies on the metabolism of Dasyprocta azarae are required.

What Kind of Factors Is Influencing Resting Energy Expenditure on Major Burn Patients?

PURPOSE: Burn injury is among the most severe type of trauma that the body can sustain. The major burn increases energy expenditure as the result of its induction of the hypermetabolic and catabolic state. It is well-documented that nutritional support may improve morbidity and mortality after severe burn injury. Therefore, adequate nutritional support is essential in burned patients to prevent the detrimental consequences of overfeeding and underfeeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing resting energy expenditure on major burn patients. METHODS: In 199 patients with > or =20% total body surface area (TBSA) burn were monitored with 403 measurement of resting energy expenditure (REE) from January 2004 to December 2008 in burn center of the Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital. Gender, age, burn size, inhalation injury, ventilator were included in the factors which influence the REE of massive burn patients. RESULTS: The measured REE and REE/basal metabolic rate (BMR) were significantly higher in males (p<0.05). The measured REE and REE/body mass index (BMI) showed significant difference between age groups (p<0.01). The measured REE and REE/BMI showed significant difference between burn size groups (p<0.01). The measured REE, REE/BMR and REE/BMI for patients with inhalation injury were significantly higher than patients without inhalation injury (p<0.01). The measured REE, REE/BMR and REE/BMI for patient needs ventilator were significantly higher than the other group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Indirect calorimetry is useful in detecting variations in energy expenditure among individuals and in detecting changes in metabolism. Unlike indirect calorimetry measurements, static formulas may not consider hypermetabolic and catabolic states. Because adequate nutritional support is essential in burned patients, it should be considered the factors influencing resting energy expenditure on major burn patients.

Gasto energético e ingesta de energía y macronutrientes en mujeres obesas en edad fértil / Energy expedinture and energy and macronutrient intake in obese women of fertile age

A 90 mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad del área de atracción del Programa de Atención Integral en Salud, PAIS, se les midió la tasa metabólica basal por calorimetría indirecta y se les evaluó tanto el nivel de actividad física como la ingesta de energía y macronutrientes. Se observó una correlación positiva entre el Indice de Masas Corporal y la tasa metabólica basal de estas mujeres. Aunque se encontró diferencia significativa entre el gasto metabólico basal estimado por la ecuación de Harris-Benedict y el gasto metabólico basal medido por calorimetría indirecta, no se encontró diferencia significativa en el total de energía expedida obtenida por ambos métodos. En estas pacientes con sobrepeso no se encontró diferencia significativa entre el gasto energético total y la ingesta energética diaria obtenida, lo que sugiere un estado de equilibrio energético adaptado a la nueva condición de fisiológica. Según la distribución de macronutrientes fue la grasa la que excedió la recomendación dietética diaria.

A group of 90 women with overweight and obesity, residing in the area covered by the Program for Integral Attention in Health (PAIS) participated in this study. The following measurements were made: basal metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry, level of physical activity and intake of energy and macronutrients. There was a positive correlation between Body Mass Index and the basal metabolic rate for these women. Although a significant difference was found between the average basal metabolic expenditure of the group, as estimated by the Harris-Benedict equation and average basal metabolic expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry, there was no significant difference between total energy expenditure as estimated by both methods. No significant difference was found between average energy expenditure and average energy intake for these women, suggesting a state of energy balance which is an adaption to the new physiological condition. According to the distribution of macronutrients, fat intake exceeded nutritional recommendations.

EXISTENCE IN SUBJECTS OF LOW PLASMA TRIIODOTHYRONINE CORRELATED WITH POST-ABSORPTIVE RESTING METABOLISM / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in post-absorptive resting metabolism (PARM) on plasma triiodothyronine (T3) levels under a prescribed diet. The subjects were 31 sedentary female college students (19.9±0.9 yrs). Subjects stayed in a metabolic ward at the National Institute of Health and Nutrition for 18 days. PARM was measured 4 times during the experimental period. Additionally, blood was collected 4 times during the experimental period, and general health care including the measurement of thyroxin by blood biochemical examination was carried out. Subjects were divided into three groups (n=26, n=4, n=1), two of which were analyzed for this study. The two groups were divided according to thyroid function: Group N (n=26) included subjects in which T3 was judged to be within the normal range during the experimental period; Group L (n=4) included subjects for whom T3 was not normal during the study period, and was judged to be under the normal range at least once. The remaining 1 subject had a T3 judged to be over the normal range.For Group N, several parameters decreased significantly during the course of the experiment: weight was 51.5±4.97 vs. 50.8±4.3 kg (p<0.01); T3 was 1.16±0.19 vs. 1.01±0.12 ng/ml (p<0.01); and PARM was 3.1±0.2 vs. 2.9±0.2 ml/min/kg (p<0.05). For Group L, several parameters also decreased significantly during the course of the experiment: weight was 53.6±4.9 vs. 52.6±4.5 kg (p<0.01); T3 was 0.94±0.15 vs. 0.75±0.07 ng/ml (p<0.01); and PARM was 2.9±0.2 vs. 2.7±0.1 ml/min/kg (p<0.05). The average PARM of Group N was significantly higher than that of Group L (7.0%). PARM during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was significantly higher than during the menstrual phase (3.5 %), in subjects for whom the phases of the menstrual cycle were distinguishable (n=13).According to the 2005 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Japanese, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) is calculated at 23.6 kcal/kg body weight/day, or 3.27 ml/min/kg translated for VO₂ for women within the 18~29 year age group. However, the values calculated from the measurements of this research study were approximately 9.5% lower for Group N and 15.8% lower for Group L than that of the DRIs.Future investigation is required to explain the reasons for the difference in PARM between this study and that of previous ones.

BASAL METABOLIC RATE AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN / 体力科学

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 70 postmenopausal women (age: 60.6±4.2 yrs., height: 154.9±5.2cm, body weight (BW) : 52.7±6.2kg; mean ±SD) was evaluated in relation to body composition (body fat mass (FM) : 17.3±3.9kg, lean body mass (LBM) : 35.3±3.6kg) . BMR was 1, 148±126kcal/day, 21.9±2.2kcal/kgBW/day, 32.7±3.2kcal kgLBM/day in all subjects. BMR (kcal/day) significantly correlated with BW (r=.635, p<0.001) and LBM (r=.598, p<0.001) . When divided into two groups, (lower %fat group (LF; <35%fat) and higher %fat group (HF; ≥35%fat) ), BW and FM were significantly higher in HF than in LF (BW: 56.6±6.4 vs 51.0±5.3 kg, FM: 21.7±2.8 vs 15.5±2.7 kg, p<0.001, respectively) . No difference was observed in LBM between the two groups (34.9±3.9 vs 35.5±3.5 kg) . BMR (kcal/kgBW/day) was lower in HF than in LF (21.0±1.8 vs 22.3±2.3, p<0.05), but HF group had higher BMR in terms of kcal/kgLBM/ day than LF (34.0±3.1 vs 32.1±3.1, p<0.05) . Multiple regression analysis was performed to predict BMR. A single predictor LBM and a pair of predictors LBM and FM explained 35.7% and 42.7% of the variance of BMR. This study suggested that a decrease in LBM is a major factor in affecting the reduction of BMR in postmenopausal women, whereas FM gained after menopause could be considered to have metabolic activity related to BMR.